The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out: "China’s economy has shifted from a high-speed growth stage to a high-quality development stage, and it is in the key period of changing the development mode, optimizing the economic structure and transforming the growth momentum. Building a modern economic system is an urgent requirement for crossing the barrier and a strategic goal for China’s development." 2018 is the first year to implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress. In accordance with the ideas and requirements of high-quality development set by the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Central Economic Work Conference, we should concentrate on major events that are beneficial to both the present and the long term, and achieve higher-quality, more efficient, fairer and more sustainable development by improving efficiency, so as to lay a solid foundation for the construction of a modern economic system.

　　First, the basic judgment of economic trends

　　The global economy has moved from "new mediocrity" to "slow recovery", and the external environment has improved. Most of the comprehensive leading indicators of developed economies and emerging market economies have stabilized and improved, indicating that the global economy is gradually coming out of the trough, and the trend of world economy from differentiation to synchronous recovery is more obvious. From the perspective of developed economies, positive factors such as active manufacturing industry, strong financial market, and generally good employment and inflation situation are expected to continue, with major developed economies such as the United States, Japan and Europe heading for 2.0%— The growth range of 2.5% is close. From the perspective of emerging market economies, favorable factors such as warmer trade, improved market investment environment and relatively stable commodity prices are expected to continue, with emerging markets and developing economies heading for 4.0%— The growth interval of 4.5% converges. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have steadily raised their global economic growth forecasts for 2018, and they are also optimistic about China’s economic growth. The global economy has improved more than in 2017, and external demand has accelerated export growth, creating a favorable external environment for China’s economic growth than in the previous two years.

　　Domestic supply and demand have formed a "rebalancing" trend, and the coordination of development has been continuously enhanced. China’s economy has been going down for six consecutive years, but it has always kept running in a reasonable range. From the supply side, the development of traditional industries and emerging industries tends to be more coordinated, industries tend to be stable after de-capacity, the proportion of emerging industries and service industries increases steadily, and their contribution to economic growth increases. It is estimated that the added value of industries above designated size and tertiary industry will increase by about 6.5% and 7.8% respectively in 2018. The growth of the "Troika" on the demand side is more balanced, the reduction of investment growth rate is basically in place, the momentum of consumption upgrading remains unchanged, exports continue to pick up, and the growth rates of the three major demands tend to be synchronized. 1— 2017; In November, investment in fixed assets, total retail sales of social consumer goods and exports increased by 7.2%, 10.2% and 8.0% respectively, down by 1.1 percentage points, down by 0.6 percentage points and accelerated by 15.5 percentage points respectively compared with the same period in 2016. It is estimated that investment in fixed assets, total retail sales of social consumer goods and exports will increase by 8.0%, 10.2% and 7.0% respectively in 2018.

　　The market continues to show a stable phenomenon of moderate prosperity. The overall price level will be moderate and controllable, and the sufficient supply of agricultural products will create conditions for the basic stability of prices. There are not many new price increase factors in industrial products and services, the terminal demand of important commodities is relatively stable, and the pressure of imported inflation is weak. 1— 2017; On average, the producer price (PPI) and consumer price (CPI) in November increased by 6.4% and 1.5% respectively year-on-year, up by 8.4 percentage points and down by 0.5 percentage points respectively compared with the same period in 2016, ending the situation of "expansion and contraction coexisting" for many years. It is estimated that the inflation level (CPI) in 2018 may be slightly higher than that in 2017, and there will be no obvious increase. After a certain degree of fluctuation in the past two years, the market will return to rationality, and the five major markets will maintain a stable operation overall. The production and sales of the automobile market have returned to a stable growth pattern, the "just-needed" and improved demand of the property market are well supported, the stock market has shown signs of "slow cattle", the bond market continues to be calm, and the two-way floating foundation of the RMB exchange rate is relatively solid. The great potential and resilience of China’s economy, supplemented by a good market and price environment, provide a basic guarantee for the economy to maintain a stable and positive development momentum.

　　The macro-policy orientation is moderate, and the sustainability of development is guaranteed. In 2018, we must still adhere to the general tone of steady progress, and the orientation of a proactive fiscal policy and a stable and neutral monetary policy will not change. From the perspective of monetary policy, the era of global monetary policy is basically over, and China’s monetary policy will gradually turn to overall tightening. However, according to changes in the situation, various policy tools will be flexibly used to inject reasonable liquidity into the market. From the perspective of fiscal policy, optimizing fiscal expenditure structure and structural tax reduction are still the policy priorities, and we will still make a fuss about making up shortcomings and reducing costs. In recent years, China has comprehensively promoted the pilot reform of the camp, and the accumulated tax reduction has exceeded one trillion yuan, and investment in short-board areas such as agriculture, transportation, water conservancy, environmental protection and public facilities has been significantly strengthened. In addition, the supply-side structural reform has entered a new stage of paying equal attention to "addition and subtraction", paying more attention to the institutional supply of reform and the coordination and matching of reform, so as to improve efficiency and promote both "stock optimization" and "incremental improvement" of the supply system and promote high-quality economic development. These policies are conducive to accelerating the continuous transformation of old and new kinetic energy in the structural optimization of the economy, and the simultaneous efforts of old and new kinetic energy provide a solid foundation for the economy to maintain a stable and healthy operation. It is estimated that China’s GDP will increase by about 6.8% in 2018, which is basically the same as that in 2017.

　　Second, the outstanding problems in economic operation

　　At present, the structural contradictions that restrict the stable and healthy operation of the economy are still outstanding, and the problem of insufficient development imbalance has not been solved. Mainly in the following six aspects.

　　(A) the real economic benefits are low

　　The profitability of entity enterprises is not strong. At present, the profit rate of main business income of industrial enterprises is only about 6%, which is far lower than the average profit rate of more than 15% in the financial sector, and a large number of enterprises in some industries have been losing money for a long time. In 2017, the profit growth of entities rebounded significantly, but the profit growth rate in the past five years did not reach the 2011 level. Under the double squeeze of internal and external, rising costs and insufficient innovation have become the key factors restricting the transformation and upgrading of entity enterprises.

　　(B) Investment efficiency tends to decline.

　　In the first three quarters of 2017, the total investment in fixed assets in the whole society accounted for 77.3% of GDP. The rapid expansion of investment scale brought about a significant decline in the marginal efficiency of investment, mainly reflected in the substantial increase in the incremental capital output ratio (ICOR). 2007— In 2016, the total amount of capital formation required for new unit GDP increased from 2.21 to 6.11, and the investment cost of creating unit output in China increased by about 2.8 times in the past 10 years. This high investment model is being constrained by the high local government debt and the decline of private investment enthusiasm.

　　(C) Financial services to the real economy is not strong.

　　The imbalance in the allocation of financial resources is mainly manifested in the fact that the main service targets of the financial system dominated by state-owned banks are still state-owned enterprises and large and medium-sized enterprises, and private enterprises, especially small and micro enterprises, have been marginalized for a long time. At present, the number of small and micro enterprises in China accounts for more than 75% of the total number of enterprises, but the proportion of credit received is less than 20% for a long time. The problem that funds are divorced from reality is prominent. The main performance is that the manufacturing industry accounts for about 30% of GDP, and the credit funds obtained from financial institutions are less than 20%, while the credit funds are concentrated in real estate, local government financing platforms and other fields, accounting for more than 30% of the total, and some funds are idling within the financial system by adding leverage. The financial organization system, service system and supervision system are imperfect, which seriously restricts its initiative and initiative in serving the real economy.

　　(D) Policy tightening effect may bring economic fluctuations.

　　All localities have strengthened real estate regulation and control policies. In addition, the trend of monetary tightening and environmental protection policies have maintained a high-pressure situation, and the management of financial chaos has become stricter, which may lead to an increase in the risk of fluctuations in the real estate market, the rigid redemption of financial markets has been broken, the problem of difficult financing has become more prominent, and the overall compatibility and coordination of the industrial chain has declined. Resonance effect and chain reaction may lead to changes in social expectations and even trigger panic in some areas.

　　(E) the people’s livelihood security policy is ineffective.

　　The structural contradiction of employment is prominent, the phenomenon of "labor shortage" and "employment difficulty" coexist for a long time, the vocational skills of laid-off workers do not meet the needs of re-employment posts, the number of low-end jobs in traditional industries is reduced, and the shortage of high-skilled talents is more serious; There is a structural mismatch in the employment of college graduates, and the "quantity" and "quality" of employment do not match. The task of getting rid of poverty is very arduous, the cost of getting rid of poverty is higher and more difficult, the stability of getting rid of poverty is not enough, and the risk of returning to poverty due to illness, school and disaster still exists. The pressure of social security fund’s balance of payments has increased, and the areas where the pension fund can’t pay for the current period have increased, and the pressure of pension payment has increased.

　　(six) the impact of external uncertainty still exists.

　　The Trump administration tax reform in the United States has been passed, and it is expected to be implemented in 2018. Britain, France and other countries are also planning large-scale tax reduction policies, which may put continuous pressure on China to attract international capital. The attraction of the United States to the manufacturing industry will squeeze the development space of China’s real economy. Trade protectionism continues to rise, and the United States, Europe, India and other countries and regions have launched "double-opposition" investigations against China, and related actions may trigger other countries to follow suit, which will make it more difficult for China to deal with trade frictions. The geopolitical situation is unstable, and issues such as the Korean Peninsula, Palestine, Israel and Syria continue to ferment, which may affect the construction of the "Belt and Road" and international capacity cooperation.

　　III. Policies and Measures to Achieve the Economic Work Target in 2018

　　The Central Economic Work Conference pointed out that promoting high-quality development is the fundamental requirement for determining development ideas, formulating economic policies and implementing macro-control at present and in the future. Considering the short-term, medium-term and long-term convergence of economic objectives and tasks, we should take efficiency improvement as an important starting point of economic work in 2018, focus on major events that are beneficial to both the present and the long-term, achieve higher quality, more efficient, fairer and more sustainable development through efficiency improvement, and lay a solid foundation for the construction of a modern economic system.

　　(1) Reduce costs and burdens for enterprises and improve the real economic benefits.

　　In the past two years, the five major tasks of "three to one, one reduction and one supplement" have achieved remarkable results, which have promoted "stock optimization" and "incremental improvement". At present, the supply-side structural reform has entered a new stage from "subtraction" to "addition and subtraction". To deepen the supply-side structural reform, we should start from the fundamental interests of market players and solve practical difficulties. Vigorously reduce the cost of entity enterprises, increase structural tax reduction, focus on reducing the tax burden level of manufacturing value-added tax, enterprise-related service charges, "five insurances and one gold" payment rate that enterprises are eagerly awaiting, clean up unreasonable hidden costs such as intermediary fees, financial expenses and institutional transaction costs attached to enterprises, deepen the reform of electric power, oil and gas, railways and other industries, and reduce energy consumption and logistics costs. Enhance the innovation ability of entity enterprises. At the macro level, through policy support, we will formulate an action plan for the development of innovative industries, promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, improve the soft environment such as market competition and intellectual property protection, implement the policy of protecting property rights, and stimulate entrepreneurship; At the micro level, it helps enterprises in the real economy to use new technologies, new models and new methods, establish modern management systems, improve management and technical level, tap potential and increase efficiency in a market-oriented way, and improve labor productivity.

　　(B) in the "short board" to activate the vitality of private capital, improve investment efficiency.

　　Optimizing the government investment structure and stimulating the vitality of private investment pay equal attention to creating more and higher quality economic output with the same capital investment. We will implement a proactive fiscal policy, increase investment in key areas and weak links such as industrial development shortcomings, industrial development standards, people’s livelihood, environmental protection, reduce budget arrangements for projects with low performance, and increase balanced transfer payments and financial subsidies for difficult areas. We will fight a tough battle against pollution and continue to strengthen investment in ecological civilization construction such as air pollution prevention and control and land greening. Formulate supporting policies and implementation rules for private investment as soon as possible, further relax market access, enhance the willingness of private capital to participate in PPP and other projects, boost private investment confidence and release effective investment potential.

　　(3) Overcoming difficulties and improving the reform performance in key areas

　　The reform has entered a deep-water area and a critical period, and its complexity, sensitivity and arduousness are unprecedented, especially in the areas of administrative system, state-owned enterprises and income distribution. It is necessary to strengthen the implementation of existing policies. In particular, we should deepen the reform in streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services and further improve the system of power list and responsibility list. Accelerate the promotion of negative list management pilot, establish a government regulation toolbox for traditional industries, and innovate prudential supervision methods for new industries, new formats and new models. Combine the reform of state-owned enterprises with "deleveraging", accelerate the reform of mixed ownership of state-owned enterprises and the management system of state-owned capital, promote the bankruptcy and reorganization of zombie enterprises with long-term losses and insolvency, and improve the efficiency of state-owned capital investment. Vigorously promote the reform of the income distribution system, standardize the income distribution system of farmers’ land circulation, and increase farmers’ property income. Establish an open and fair comprehensive evaluation mechanism for factor utilization efficiency, establish and improve the support and guarantee mechanism for financial and talent factors and the convenient and efficient factor trading mechanism. Accelerate the market-oriented reform of factor prices, integrate and upgrade the functions of factor trading platforms, and promote the free trade and market-oriented allocation of resource elements such as land, emission rights and energy use.

　　(D) communication channels to prevent risks and improve the efficiency of financial services to the real economy.

　　We should flexibly use all kinds of short-term and medium-term policy tools to serve the needs of the real economy. Optimize the credit allocation structure, establish a linkage mechanism between financial and real economic interests, expand the pilot scope of investment and loan linkage, accelerate the development of various regional small financial institutions, community financial service organizations, village banks and other financial entities at their own risk, actively develop platforms and channels for direct financing services, steadily develop financial derivatives, and expand the financing space of entity enterprises. We will fight hard to prevent and resolve key risks, improve the efficiency of financial supervision and the ability to prevent risks, closely monitor the risks that may be brought about by financial format innovation, and study and introduce supporting policies such as expanding the transfer scope of non-performing loans in the banking industry, improving batch transfer and expanding the autonomy of non-performing loans write-off.

　　(5) Develop the digital economy and cultivate new industries, new formats and new economic models.

　　The 19th National Congress proposed to build a modern economic system, mainly to solve how the real economy can realize the deep integration of digital economy and real economy by using big data, internet plus and artificial intelligence. The so-called digital economy actually refers to the application of digital knowledge and technology in economic activities. Looking at the development of digital economy from the global and China perspectives, in 2016, the digital economy accounted for 25% of the total global economy, and a quarter of production organizations were related to the digital economy. China’s digital economy is ahead of the world. At present, the scale of digital economy in China has reached more than 22 trillion yuan, accounting for more than 30% of the total GDP. Globally, the digital economy has developed mainly in the United States, China, Japan and Britain.

　　To develop digital economy, we need a good policy environment first. Preferential policies have played a great role in promoting the development of digital economy in various places. Relatively speaking, the policies of the Yangtze River Delta and other pre-developed areas are favorable for promoting the development of digital economy. The second is talent. The development of digital economy needs high-end talents. Some regions have many effective policies in attracting talents, which have played a great role in promoting local talent gathering.

　　(six) to promote technological innovation and promote the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry.

　　In January 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Three-year Action Plan to Enhance the Core Competitiveness of Manufacturing Industry (2018-2020)" (hereinafter referred to as the Action Plan), which plans to organize and implement key technologies in key areas such as rail transit equipment, high-end marine and marine engineering equipment, intelligent robots, smart cars, modern agricultural machinery, high-end medical devices and medicines, new materials, manufacturing intelligence and major technical equipment in the next three years.

　　To enhance the core competitiveness of manufacturing industry in the future, we should pay attention to the following three aspects. The first is the upgrade in the value chain, that is, the horizontal upgrade. Extending from manufacturing section to upstream, that is, advancing to R&D, design, creativity and standards, such as rail transit equipment industry; Extending downstream from the manufacturing section, that is, promoting to brands, channels, logistics and services, such as household appliances industry. The second is the upgrade on the value network, that is, vertical upgrade. Even in the manufacturing sector, it has been upgraded from a module supplier to a system integrator, and further upgraded to a rule designer, such as high-end ships and major technical equipment industries. The third is the innovation in value integration, that is, to create an "industry of the times". There have been major breakthroughs in the knowledge, informationization, intelligence, greening, service and human culture development of the manufacturing industry, and even the effect of "overtaking in lane change and overtaking in lane change" has taken place, and intelligent robots and other fields have been at the forefront of the world.

　　(7) Further explore new paths of opening up and coordination, and improve the effectiveness of two-way opening up and regional development.

　　Promote the formation of a new pattern of comprehensive opening up, relax market access in an orderly manner, continue to streamline the negative list and promote the pilot reform of the free trade pilot zone. We will implement the results of the first "Belt and Road" international cooperation summit forum, run the first China International Import Expo, and comprehensively improve the level of economic and trade cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road. Accelerate the docking with key national plans, platforms and projects such as Pakistan and Russia, and promote the construction of the main skeleton of "six corridors, six roads, multiple countries and multiple ports". Steadily promote the capital increase of Silk Road Fund and the establishment of capacity cooperation fund, promote the implementation of a number of influential capacity cooperation projects, and build a number of demonstration parks and demonstration bases. We will implement the strategy of regional coordinated development, accelerate the construction of major projects in key areas of ecology, transportation and industry in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, complete the planning of xiong’an new area with high quality, and push forward the construction vigorously, orderly and steadily. Do a good job in the construction of "one corridor, two corridors and three groups" in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and comprehensively improve the quality of economic development and the ability of sustainable development in this basin.

　　(8) Take concrete measures to promote employment and benefit people’s livelihood, and improve the effectiveness of social security policies.

　　Safeguard the bottom line of people’s livelihood and promote social harmony and stability. Carry out vocational skills training on a large scale, provide accurate employment assistance to people with special difficulties, actively explore new employment channels, encourage entrepreneurship to promote employment, and promote multi-channel employment and entrepreneurship of young groups such as college graduates and new generation of migrant workers. We will fight a tough battle against poverty with precision, focus on deep poverty-stricken areas, adjust measures to local conditions, make decisions according to people, households and villages, highlight industrial poverty alleviation, organize ex situ poverty alleviation and relocation, increase cooperation in poverty alleviation services, implement education poverty alleviation and health poverty alleviation policies, and reduce the number of poor people by 11 million. Make overall plans to promote the provincial-level coordination of endowment insurance, clean up and standardize the payment policy of endowment insurance, implement the central adjustment system of basic endowment insurance funds, and balance the burden of endowment insurance between regions. Efforts should be made to solve the problems of "school choice fever", "large class size", infant care and early childhood education services. We will speed up the establishment of a housing system with multi-agent supply, multi-channel guarantee and simultaneous rent and purchase, and improve the long-term mechanism to promote the stable and healthy real estate market.

　　(The author is a researcher and doctoral supervisor of the Institute of Economics of China Academy of Social Sciences, former director and secretary of the Party Committee of the Institute of Economics of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and a member of the evaluation group of theoretical economics in the State Council).

Hey, guys! Today, I want to talk to you about a popular model in the automobile market-Volkswagen.

In the past, the domestic automobile market was clearly divided. Domestic cars are mainly cheap and affordable. If you want to find a car that is fuel-efficient, durable and has a face, then everyone will go to the joint venture car, and the high-end market is the world of luxury cars. But as soon as new energy vehicles appeared, this pattern was completely disrupted. Now, joint venture vehicles are no longer as arrogant as before, that is, the collective price reduction of new energy vehicles began at the beginning of this year, and the automobile market was in turmoil.

Take Volkswagen for example. Volkswagen is the big brother in the automobile industry. Volkswagen Bora, that’s Volkswagen’s ace car. Now the brand-new Bora is too attractive in price. Take Guangzhou as an example. The highest discount for the 2021 model is 37,000, while that for the 2023 model is 27,000, and the starting price is as low as 71,800. This price is simply too fragrant.

Let’s take a look at the appearance of this Bora first. Although it is still a popular family design style, it has made many changes in details and become younger. The front face runs through the slender middle net, and the two thick chrome-plated strips extend to both sides. Together with the blackened grille below, the front of the car looks particularly layered. The side of the car body is slender and low, and the aluminum alloy wheels are matched, which is full of sports. The duckling tail with a slightly upturned tail, coupled with the layered taillights, can recognize the Volkswagen car at a glance.

However, the interior of this Bora is a bit unsatisfactory. Still familiar with the taste of the public, the center console retains a lot of physical buttons, and it is also biased to the driver’s side. The tilt angle is a bit large, which looks a bit awkward. Moreover, compared with domestic cars, the materials used are a little far away, especially the entry-level version, which is far from any texture at all. The sense of science and technology is just so-so, with an 8-inch LCD dashboard and an 8-inch suspended central control panel. Although local tyrants can choose to install a 12-inch one, for ordinary consumers, the electric sunroof is still optional in the basic configuration, which is a bit tricky. However, its size is a little larger than that of the old model. The length, width and height are 4672mm*1815mm*1478mm, and the wheelbase is 2688mm, which is enough for home use.

Let’s talk about motivation. The new Bora has a new pattern in the engine. In addition to the original 1.5L, 1.2T and 1.4T engines, a 1.5T turbocharged engine has been added. The power data is not bad, with a maximum horsepower of 160 horsepower and a peak torque of 250 Nm. Even this transmission system is a 7-speed dry dual-clutch gearbox, which is a bit of a fly in the ointment. However, it has the advantages of fuel economy and durability. The minimum fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is only 5.5L, which is about 4 cents for a kilometer, which is too economical for daily use.

Generally speaking, although the interior of Volkswagen Bora is relatively cheap and the dry gearbox is somewhat unsatisfactory, it is still very suitable for home use in other aspects. The price is so affordable, the entry version can be driven home for more than 70 thousand, which is really a good choice for those friends who have limited budget and want to buy a joint venture brand car. If you are considering buying a car, you might as well go to see Volkswagen Bora. Maybe it is your ideal car. If you have any comments, please comment in the message area. Let’s talk about cars next time!

Heaven/Up/No/Meeting/Drop/Stuffing/Cake Drop/Down/Come/Yes/Trap/Trap

6.29

National Anti-fraud Publicity Day

There is no such thing as a free lunch

telecommunications fraud

hit the jackpot

Online dating

engage in nude video chat

In recent years, the Ministry of Public Security has focused on telecommunication network fraud crimes that people deeply hate, and has continuously organized and carried out a series of crackdown actions such as "Yun Jian", "cutting off cards", "pulling out nails" and cracking down on telecommunication network fraud crimes involving China in northern Myanmar, and made overall efforts to promote various measures to crack down on prevention, control and construction, and achieved remarkable results in cracking down on governance, effectively curbing the rising trend of telecommunication network fraud crimes.

At present, on the one hand, fraudsters try their best to escape the attack of public security organs, on the other hand, they constantly renovate fraud methods and techniques, and the crime situation is still severe and complicated.

June 29th is the National Anti-fraud Publicity Day.

Today, let’s learn.

Top 10 types of fraud

Protect your "money bag"

Telecommunications network fraud methods are ever-changing

But never change from its ancestor.

Remember the principle of "three no more"

Unknown link does not click.

Strange calls are not credulous

Personal information is not disclosed.

More verification of transfer and remittance

Original title: "National Anti-Fraud Publicity Day | The Top 10 Types of Electronic Fraud"

Read the original text

Original Ben Xingjun understands this planet.

Author ▏ Riding like the wind

Produced by Ben Xingjun

As we all know, one of the major climatic characteristics of Russia is the extremely cold winter, so that countries that want to invade Russia have to worry about its extreme weather.

Nazi Germans during World War II could not bear the cold winter of the Soviet Union, and were not only repelled when they entered Moscow, but also killed in the end. The online discussion of the P5 also named the task of attacking Russia "Wrath of Winter", that is, the cold winter in Russia and the army are hellish challenges.

Since Russia is so difficult to fight, has the capital Moscow ever been breached by foreign enemies?

1. The Mongolian cavalry across the Asian continent broke for the first time.

In the 13th century, Eastern Europe was still in a state of numerous principalities and nomadic running.

However, on the Mongolian Plateau in East Asia, a new nomadic empire, Ran Ran, rose. After whipping the Central Plains, it moved westward into Central Asia, destroying the Khorezm, one of the most powerful Islamic countries at that time.

Mongolian cavalry has been pursuing the remnants of Khorezm to the Caspian Sea and reached the Caucasus Mountains, the dividing line between Asia and Europe.

▲ Eastern Europe in the early 13th century

The Qincha tribe in the northern Caspian Sea was defeated by Mongolian cavalry, and the leader of the Qincha tribe thought of asking for help from the Russian duchy in the Volga River basin.

This group of Russian principalities is a state composed of Slavs, which is the ancestor of today’s Russians. They helped Qincha people to resist Mongolian cavalry based on the consideration of losing their lips and teeth. As a result, they were defeated by Mongolian general Zhe Bie and Su Butai. This made the Russian countries and the Mongols have an issue.

After Genghis Khan’s third son, Wokuotai, ascended the throne, he decided to inherit his father’s career and conquer a wider area. He called the Curiti Congress in 1235 and made a resolution to conquer the Chincha and the Russian countries and then attack Europe.

He sent Shu Chi’s eldest son, Ba Dou, to lead 150,000 Mongolian troops to the west, and the Chincha tribe suffered a crushing defeat again, which made the Russian countries anticipate a catastrophe. The Mongolian army successively conquered Mordova and Yelizhan at the entrance of Woluosi’s house, and then directly slaughtered the city. Woluosi people recalled their fear of being dominated by Mongols.

▲ Three Western Expeditions of Mongolian Khanate

At this time, the representative of the Voros country was Kiev Ross, whose capital was Kiev, the capital of Ukraine today. Moscow has built a city, but it is not the capital, but it has become the next target for the Mongols to attack.

In 1238, the Mongols arrived at the gates of Moscow, and in just a few days, they broke through this important city and won the first kill to break through Moscow. Later, the Mongols won the battle and won all the Russian principalities, and Eastern Europe gradually became the sphere of influence of the Mongols.

▲ After the Western Expedition, Moscow became a part of the Golden Horde.

At that time, the Ross people had not yet formed a unified country, and naturally they could not resist the "whip of God". Until 1283, the Slavs built a Moscow Grand Duchy with Moscow as the capital, which was the predecessor of czarist Russia. The Grand Duchy of Moscow is a vassal state of the Mongolian Golden Horde, and it was not until 200 years later that it turned over to be the master.

Why didn’t the Russian winter work this time? The Mongols said that we have long been used to cold in the Mongolian Plateau, and we are not afraid of your winter at all.

2. The Polish Lithuanians exposed in Pingdu Town made a second breakthrough.

The so-called "no Poland" stalk on the Internet refers to the historical fact that Poland was divided up by Russia and Germany several times. Poles and Lithuanians once formed a powerful federation, attacking Germany on the left and Russia on the right, but it was awesome for some time. Moreover, they have also breached Moscow, so they have become bitter rivals with the Russians.

At the end of 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow finally got rid of the rule of the Golden Horde and became independent. In 1547, Ivan IV, the Grand Duke of Moscow, was officially crowned czar, and the Russian regime under the Ryurik dynasty was formally established. Under his rule, Russia’s forces crossed the Urals and began to March towards Siberia, with an increasingly vast territory.

However, the country established by Ivan the Terrible is still not very stable.

In 1598, fyodor, the last czar of the Ryurik dynasty, died, leaving the dynasty with no heir. Boris Godunov, a consort aristocrat, took the place of Liurik dynasty and became emperor. Due to the lack of orthodoxy, Russian nobles did not obey his rule and clashed with each other, leading to political chaos.

At the beginning of the 17th century, another famine broke out in Russia, and peasant uprisings were everywhere. Boris Godunov did not take moderate measures to appease the nobles and the people, but instead resorted to terrorist politics to carry out bloody repression and hang thousands of opponents. This makes the country’s civil strife more serious and allows foreign enemies to find an opportunity to invade.

▲ Russia and the Kingdom of Lithuania in Poland in the 17th century

At that time, the Polish-Lithuanian Federation was in a strong period and coveted Russian land for a long time. At this time, a man appeared in the territory of Poland, pretending to be Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan IV, and wanted to take the place of Russian czar. Sigismund III, King of the Lithuanian Federation of Poland, seized the opportunity to support this cottage version of usurpation of power.

Lzhedmitrii promised to cede Smolensk and Seville on the western border of Russia to Poland after victory. Anyway, it’s not my own country, and Tian Xin doesn’t hurt.

In 1604, Sigismund III sent 4,000 Polish troops and hundreds of Ukrainian Cossacks to help Lzhedmitrii attack Russia.

Because Lzhedmitrii was under the banner of regaining the throne of the Ryuk dynasty, Russian aristocrats and people, out of dissatisfaction with the consorts czar, directly opened the door to welcome them into Moscow, and Lzhedmitrii succeeded in driving out the consorts czar.

In fact, this is not very strange. At that time, the royal families of European countries intermarried with each other, and often the nobles of country A could go to country B to inherit the throne.

But the fun is yet to come. The new czar fulfilled his territorial promise to Poland and married the daughter of a Polish landowner, consciously building Russia into a Polish vassal state.

As a result, the Russian people quit. We didn’t let you be the emperor to call other countries’ fathers. We just grabbed the guy and swept the fake out of the house.

Of course the Poles won’t do it. Didn’t I go to so much trouble to control Russia? I am going to take this opportunity to invade Russia on a large scale. Russia, however, was badly weakened and knew it was difficult to stop the Polish attack, so it turned to Sweden for emergency help.

If the Russians at that time could find the help of Gustav Adolphus, who later became a great power in Europe, maybe they could really stop the Poles. It’s a pity that Mr. Gu is still underage at this time. When the Swedes came to the rescue, Sigismund III also led an army into Russian land.

In 1610, Sigismund III and the Russian-Swiss allied forces launched an encounter in the village of Clushino, and the famous Polish cavalry severely cut the Russians and Swedes.

▲ Poles occupied Moscow.

The Moscow aristocrats themselves have a relationship with the Polish royal family, so they elected Prince Vladimir of Poland as the new czar of Russia, in order to make peace with the Poles.

In September, 1610, Moscow big noble once again opened its gate to the Poles, allowing them to complete the second breakthrough and staged the Russian version of the shame of Jingkang. Poles were rude and occupied a large territory in central and western Russia. Sweden, on the other hand, saw the Russians pull so hard that reinforcements turned into enemy troops and occupied Novgorod in the north.

Although the Poles captured Moscow, the Russian people did not want Polish rule. The Russian version of "Yue Fei" Zimamin organized resistance forces in Nizhny Novgorod and launched the action of "recovering the Central Plains" to the Poles.

Two years later, they finally avenged their "Jingkang shame" and regained Moscow. It is also because of this humiliation that the Russians launched a double revenge when the Polish country was weak.

3. Napoleon’s French army, which dominated Europe, broke through three times.

After the governance of Peter the Great and Catherine II, Russia became a more powerful Russian empire, reaching Alaska in North America. Arguably, no one can hit the Russian capital, right? The answer is that stronger people can do it! This time, the trader was Napoleon Bonaparte, the European God of War.

Still have to repeat the background. The French Revolution at the end of the 18th century made European monarchies panic. Britain, Austria and other monarchies organized anti-French alliances again and again, trying to stop France’s revolutionary expansion and return France to the rule of Bourbon.

However, France was one of the best powers in Europe before, and this time a military genius Napoleon appeared. He repeatedly broke the encirclement and suppression of the anti-French alliance, and also staged the Egyptian campaign to drive out the British forces. The battle of Austerlitz defeated Austria, and the battle of Jena-Olstadt occupied Berlin for 14 days to dissolve Shenluo, and the battles of friedland and Elou defeated the Russian army.

At that time, Russian czar Alexander I was personally Napoleon’s younger brother, and a series of battles also made him afraid of the strength of the French army. Napoleon also looked down on Alexander I, trying to force him to agree to join the "continental blockade" against Britain, trying to trap Britain economically.

After a period of cooperation, Alexander I found that the economic losses were serious, and the European continent was still inseparable from the trade with Britain, so he rebelled against France. After all, fans are only personal behaviors. As the boss of the country, we should put the national interests first.

▲ Russian Tsar Alexander I (1777-1825)

Napoleon saw this little brother dare to hook up with his arch-enemy Britain behind his back. Little brother, are you drifting? I immediately want to teach Russia a lesson by force. In 1812, Napoleon led more than 600,000 allied forces to attack Russia. His strategic policy is to annihilate the Russian main force through one or two decisive battles, and then capture Moscow to force the czar to surrender.

After several defeats in Smolensk and other places, the Russian military coach Barkley knew that frontal combat was no match for Napoleon, so he retreated step by step. However, the generals thought that Napoleon should be decisive, and Alexander I was also dissatisfied with the negative situation on the front line, trying to learn from Emperor Chongzhen a hundred years ago and let Kutuzov, the main battle, replace Barkley.

Although the capital of Russia was in St. Petersburg at that time, Moscow, as the old capital, still had very important strategic significance, so the Russian army must work hard for it.

Kutuzov organized a defense line against the French army in Borodino, near the suburb of Moscow, and launched a main battle with the French army here.

Even though he had the advantage of home court, Kutuzov was defeated by Napoleon, and was forced to abandon Moscow’s defense and turn to the tactics of clearing the field and maneuvering, in an attempt to take advantage of Russia’s vast strategic depth and terrible winter to drag the French down here.

Even though Napoleon made sufficient logistical preparations, when he advanced to the vicinity of Moscow, the troops had reached almost half of the death rate due to terrain, climate and other factors, and the battle was almost over.

▲ Napoleonic Wars

Napoleon, of course, knew that time could not be delayed. He wanted to capture Moscow for strategic supply and repair time, but he was surprised to find that the Russians set fire to Moscow and did not leave a grain for the French army. Although Napoleon accomplished the achievement of breaking through Moscow three times, he won an empty city. However, even if the Russians choose to defend themselves, it is very likely that they were captured by Napoleon.

Although Russia is a big country, the essence of populated areas is only a little, and most of them are sparsely populated desolate areas, so the Russian strategy of dragging down the French army has received miraculous results.

When Napoleon finally decided to retreat from Russia, it was not the Russians who killed the French army the most, but the bad winter and logistics conditions. That is, with so much debuff, the Russian army finally won the French army, but still let Napoleon withdraw from Russia with the disabled soldiers.

If there is no such serious non-combat attrition, the victory or defeat of the emperor’s military talent is still unknown. At that time, it was impossible for any country and France to fight one-on-one on land, and they could only rely on group fights.

It can be seen that there are three possible ways to achieve the success of breaking through Moscow: first, attack from Asia; Second, civil strife occurred in Russia; Third, the Russians chose to give up Moscow.

But now, no matter which country wants to capture Moscow, it is even more difficult. After all, Russia’s military strength is here, and there are more nuclear bombs than the United States. Although the economy is weak, it still makes the enemy fear the existence of three points.

Original title: "Moscow, the capital of Russia: Have you ever been attacked by foreign enemies with the protection of severe winter? 》

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In fact, the fuel consumption or battery life of the same class models are not much different now, so the high configuration is often more attractive to consumers. I don’t know if you know anything about what is introduced today. Next, let’s take a look with Xiaobian.

Let’s take a look at the appearance of MG5 first. The front of MG5 presents a fashionable and sporty design style, which looks very sporty. Coupled with clean and refreshing headlights, the grade of the whole vehicle has been improved. The car is equipped with automatic opening and closing, delayed closing and so on. Coming to the side of the car body, the size of the car body is 4715MM*1842MM*1480MM. The car adopts young and fashionable lines, which gives people a very fashionable atmosphere. With large-sized thick-walled tires, smooth lines run through the whole car side. In terms of the rear end, the rear end and the front face echo each other from a distance, and the taillights are very individual and clear.

Coming into the car, the interior looks very hard-core and the visual effect is very good. The car looks very good outside the steering wheel, made of plastic and has a high palm fit. Let’s take a look at the central control. The car is equipped with a touch-sensitive LCD central control screen, which makes the interior design quite layered and has a certain sense of technology. Finally, let’s take a look at the dashboard and seats. The car is equipped with a solid dashboard and the display effect is excellent. The car uses leather seats, which are wide and thick, improving the ride experience of drivers and passengers.

The MG5 is matched with a wet dual clutch (DCT) gearbox, with a maximum power of 133KW and a maximum torque of 285N.m, and the power performance is good.

Equipped with traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.), Bluetooth /WIFI connection, cruise control, voice control, intelligent key and other configurations, it has rich functions and greatly improves its convenience.

The moderate size of the car is a very suitable choice for many families, and the internal space is enough for daily use in families. If you like, you can pay more attention to it!

　　[Long-term test] In the past six months, I often met interested friends in the community and parking lot and asked, "How is this car driving?" Is the 2.0T belt moving? Is the fuel consumption high? " . As for the fuel consumption, there are detailed records at the end of each long-term test article, and the high-speed fuel consumption is also measured in a targeted way. The fuel consumption performance of 11-14L/100km is quite satisfactory. In today’s update, we will talk about the driving experience of the road-breaker in detail.

　　Judging from the car buyers, the vast majority of car owners who buy roads are still mainly using them. Occasionally, they will travel by car on weekends/holidays or meet three or five friends to go to the wild. For the use of most cities, the experience of the road walker is good. Except for the huge body, it takes time to adapt, and the low-speed steering and power adjustment are very light, which is very similar to the settings in many cities, even for female car owners. It will be easy to control this big guy.

　　The previous long-term test also mentioned many times that it is relatively easy for this 180 kW 2.0T engine to drive a roadrunner with a curb weight of 2.3 tons (it is also intended to stop production of the domestic 2.7L naturally aspirated engine and replace it with a 2.0T engine). The sensitivity setting of the accelerator pedal is very light, so it won’t be difficult to follow the car when the traffic lights start or are congested. When the city needs to speed up, the engine can provide more abundant output in the speed range of 1500rpm-2500rpm. According to the measured data in car home, the acceleration time of the road runner at 0-60km/h is 4.29 seconds, and the same acceleration time of Prado 2.7L and 3.0L takes 6.48 seconds and 5.84 seconds. Compared with Prado 2.7L, the power advantage of the road runner at 0-100km/h is nearly 5 seconds.

　　I can score 80 points for the overall evaluation of the 6AT gearbox of the road shaker. Most of the time, the smoothness and shifting logic are competent. Only when I follow the car at medium and low speeds, there will be obvious shifting dynamics occasionally. In addition, when I am driving at medium and low speeds, there have been several times when the gearbox "thinks about life" and can’t understand the driver’s intention. It is annoying to keep the low gear when it is obvious that it should be upgraded.

　　In terms of driving comfort, although the road walker came from Ford Asia Pacific and his family tree was his own, he still followed the good interior quietness of American cars, and the sound insulation of the whole car was good. Only when driving on the expressway can he feel more obvious wind noise. The driver can obviously feel the compactness of the whole vehicle. It is not more comfortable and more resilient than Prado. The advantage is that the control can better restrain the vehicle roll. The disadvantage is that the car body can obviously bounce when passing through the speed bump and small bumps, and even through some small gravel roads, all the small bumps can be transmitted to the car, which affects the ride comfort. Because the vehicle is too high and too big, if you encounter traffic jams, you will inevitably lean forward and backward, and the probability of motion sickness of passengers in the car will be greatly improved. There is no way, this is also a common problem of high-body hard-core SUVs, which can only be avoided by the driver’s better control of the body posture.

　　Generally speaking, apart from the occasional "stupidity" of the gearbox, the driver’s driving experience on urban paved roads is definitely among the best in the same class, with sufficient power and suspension, and it is also easy to swim in the traffic flow of urban loop after adapting to the body size.

　　Last month, I experienced the first light snow of this year. The low temperature of MINUS 6 degrees and the freezing rain the night before burned the road-shaking people parked outdoors, and I also had the opportunity to experience the winter car use of the road-shaking people.

●　Long-term fuel consumption measurement

●　Long measurement summary

The first thing to bear the brunt is our road-shaking long measuring vehicle.

　　Due to the requisition of our Road Shaker’s long test vehicle by the manufacturer to participate in the ice and snow test drive of Ford China SUV, the update of the long test article was delayed for two weeks. I apologize to you, and we will update the first issue before the Spring Festival. As the conclusion of this update says, regardless of power and driving quality, the road walker can be regarded as the leader of the hard-core SUV at the same price level. In fact, apart from the 2.0T gasoline version we talked about this time, I am also very concerned about the 2.2TD diesel version, and I hope to have a test drive once. Of course, I hope that manufacturers can introduce the diesel version of automatic transmission models. (Text/photo/photo by car home Hong Qi)

Topic: Weather in China in 2009.

　　On July 1st, Jet Li, the founder of One Foundation, appeared at the shooting scene of Beijing Jilang "Jingwumen" to help out in the 2009 Jilang "Jingwumen" large-scale dance competition. After the national sea election, the combination of players who entered the finals of the competition has been settled. PepsiCo donated RMB 888,000 to One Foundation, an international public welfare organization initiated by Jet Li. The picture shows Jet Li speaking at the scene. China News Agency issued Li Xueshi photo

　　BEIJING, Aug. 13 (Xinhua)-South Taiwan Province was hit hard by the’ 88 flood. Jet Li, a mainland movie star who has always been concerned about Taiwan Province, is scheduled to come to Taiwan Province tomorrow to attend a fund-raising party for CCTV and Sanli, and will also go to the disaster area to provide disaster relief. "Central News Agency" reported today that before the trip, he even urgently allocated 300,000 RMB from the One Foundation to donate to disaster relief.

　　According to the report, the donation was donated to the Taiwan Province Red Cross Society through the Chinese mainland Red Cross Society. Jet Li said that 300,000 RMB was the first emergency down payment. He has started various mechanisms in the mainland to appeal to the mainland people to donate enthusiastically. At the same time, the One Foundation will continue to raise funds for Taiwan Province, expecting South Taiwan Province to get out of the disaster as soon as possible.

　　Jet Li was scheduled to visit Taiwan at the end of this year, but because of the 88 flood disaster, he decided to come to Taiwan temporarily. Apart from meeting with the Taiwan Province Red Cross to discuss donations, he also planned to attend a TV fundraising party tomorrow night to do his best for the victims, and also planned to visit the disaster area. The trip to Taiwan was about three days.

　　The One Foundation, founded by Jet Li, aims at "the whole world is one family". Therefore, the fundraising and charity activities of the One Foundation are initiated in response to disasters in various places, and the One Foundation should promote various humanitarian relief in the fastest and most effective way.

　　Jet Li, who used to be very low-key, used to visit Taiwan in a hurry. This time, for the sake of Morakot disaster, he will be interviewed openly and speak for the victims.

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